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  "version": "1.0.0",
  "doi": "doi:10.18434/mds2-3703",
  "title": "Reference functional model for production in a circular economy ",
  "contactPoint": {
    "fn": "Ananya Nandy",
    "hasEmail": "mailto:ananya.nandy@nist.gov"
  },
  "modified": "2025-02-03",
  "status": "available",
  "landingPage": "https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/reference-functional-model-production-circular-economy",
  "description": [
    "Reference functional model for the activities and processes involved in production (e.g., designing, manufacturing, and recovering products/materials) in a circular economy. The model includes inputs and outputs of each activity, as well as factors that constrain and enable the activities (controls and mechanisms), using the IDEF0 methodology. It provides a baseline scenario that is relevant for stakeholders across  product development and supply chain, including business strategists, material suppliers, designers, manufacturers, consumers, and recovers/recyclers. The model is available as downloadable files and hosted on a website to view and explore directly."
  ],
  "keyword": [
    "circular economy",
    "design",
    "manufacturing",
    "production",
    "end-of-life treatment",
    "functional model",
    "system model"
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  "topic": [
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      "scheme": "https://data.nist.gov/od/dm/nist-themes/v1.1",
      "tag": "Manufacturing: Manufacturing systems design and analysis"
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      "tag": "Manufacturing: Systems integration"
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      "tag": "Manufacturing: Systems engineering"
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      "tag": "Manufacturing: Sustainable manufacturing"
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  "publisher": {
    "name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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  "bureauCode": [
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  "theme": [
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    "Manufacturing: Systems engineering",
    "Manufacturing: Sustainable manufacturing"
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    {
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      "@id": "#ref:10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.141",
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      "_extensionSchemas": [
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      ],
      "title": "Circular Economy: A Product Life Cycle Perspective on Engineering and Manufacturing Practices",
      "issued": "2022",
      "citation": "Reslan, M., Last, N., Mathur, N., Morris, K. C., & Ferrero, V. (2022). Circular Economy: A Product Life Cycle Perspective on Engineering and Manufacturing Practices. Procedia CIRP, 105, 851\u00e2\u0080\u0093858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.141\n"
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      ],
      "title": "Adapting Consumer Product Design to the Circular Economy",
      "issued": "2022-08-14",
      "citation": "Ferrero, V., Morris, K. C., & Hapuwatte, B. (2022). Adapting Consumer Product Design to the Circular Economy. Volume 3B: 48th Design Automation Conference (DAC). https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89542\n"
    },
    {
      "@type": [
        "npg:Document"
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      "@id": "#ref:10.3389/fmtec.2023.988073",
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      "location": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmtec.2023.988073",
      "_extensionSchemas": [
        "https://data.nist.gov/od/dm/nerdm-schema/bib/v0.7#/definitions/DCiteReference"
      ],
      "title": "A process model representation of the end-of-life phase of a product in a circular economy to identify standards needs",
      "issued": "2023-04-18",
      "citation": "Mathur, N., Last, N., & Morris, K. C. (2023). A process model representation of the end-of-life phase of a product in a circular economy to identify standards needs. Frontiers in Manufacturing Technology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmtec.2023.988073\n"
    },
    {
      "@type": [
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      "@id": "#ref:10.6028/NIST.IR.5939",
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      "location": "https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.5939",
      "_extensionSchemas": [
        "https://data.nist.gov/od/dm/nerdm-schema/bib/v0.7#/definitions/DCiteReference"
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      "title": "SIMA reference architecture, part 1:",
      "issued": "1996",
      "citation": "Barkmeyer, E. J., Christopher, N., Feng, S. C., Fowler, J. E., Frechette, S. P., Jones, A., Jurrens, K., Lyons, K., McLean, C. R., Pratt, M., Scott, H. A., Senehi, M. K., Sriram, R. D., & Wallace, E. K. (1996). SIMA reference architecture, part 1: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5939\n"
    }
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  "_editStatus": "done",
  "components": [
    {
      "accessURL": "https://pages.nist.gov/circular-economy-manufacturing-models/",
      "description": "You can directly explore the functional models and their decompositions at this website.",
      "title": "Interactive website",
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      "@id": "#circular-economy-manufacturing-models/",
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      "accessURL": "https://github.com/usnistgov/circular-economy-manufacturing-models",
      "description": "In this repository, you can find the model files to download",
      "title": "Model files",
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  "authors": [
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      "familyName": "Nandy",
      "fn": "Ananya  Nandy",
      "givenName": "Ananya",
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      "affiliation": [
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          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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    {
      "familyName": "Reslan",
      "fn": "Maya   Reslan",
      "givenName": "Maya ",
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          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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            "Engineering Laboratory/Systems Integration Division"
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      "familyName": "Last",
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      "givenName": "Noah",
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      "orcid": "0000-0002-4276-4696",
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    {
      "familyName": "Mathur",
      "fn": "Nehika  Mathur",
      "givenName": "Nehika",
      "middleName": "",
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          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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      "orcid": "0000-0002-7021-013X",
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    {
      "familyName": "Hapuwatte",
      "fn": "Buddhika  Hapuwatte",
      "givenName": "Buddhika",
      "middleName": "",
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        {
          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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            "Engineering Laboratory/Systems Integration Division"
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      "orcid": "0000-0001-8351-0855",
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    {
      "familyName": "Morris",
      "fn": "KC  Morris",
      "givenName": "KC",
      "middleName": "",
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          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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            "Engineering Laboratory/Systems Integration Division"
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      ],
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5206-5525",
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    },
    {
      "familyName": "Ferrero",
      "fn": "Vincenzo  Ferrero",
      "givenName": "Vincenzo",
      "middleName": "",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
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      "orcid": "0000-0002-7458-3224",
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    {
      "familyName": "Hartwell",
      "fn": "Ashley  Hartwell",
      "givenName": "Ashley",
      "middleName": "",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "title": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
          "subunits": [
            "Engineering Laboratory/Systems Integration Division"
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      ],
      "orcid": "0009-0009-2638-9249",
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    }
  ],
  "annotated": "2025-04-08T14:51:52.334730",
  "revised": "2025-04-08T14:51:52.334730",
  "issued": null,
  "firstIssued": "2025-04-08T14:51:52.334730"
}