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  "title": "Reference model for lithium-based traction battery recovery",
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  "description": [
    "Reference functional model for the activities and processes involved in recovering traction lithium batteries at the end of their use/life. The model includes inputs and outputs of each activity, as well as factors that constrain and enable the activities (controls and mechanisms), using the IDEF0 methodology. It provides a unified point of reference that enables stakeholders to identify new opportunities, inform strategic decision-making, and drive innovation within the emerging battery recovery industry. The model is available as downloadable files and hosted on a website to view and explore directly.",
    "The model will be updated periodically. If you have feedback or suggested updates, please send them to batteries@nist.gov."
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      "title": "Reference Model for Electric Vehicle Battery Recovery in a Circular Economy",
      "issued": "2025-06-23",
      "citation": "Triebe, M. J., Mathur, N., Hartwell, A., & Morris, K. C. (2025). Reference Model for Electric Vehicle Battery Recovery in a Circular Economy. Volume 2: Functional Devices/Bioinspired Structures; Sustainability; Semiconductor Manufacturing; Surface Engineering; Clean Energy and E-Mobility Manufacturing; Machining and Deformation Processes; Welding and Joining Processes of Advanced Materials and Structures; Equipment Design, Control and Automation; Human Integration to Smart Manufacturing Systems; Thin Films and Coatings; Meso, Micro, Nano Subtractive and Formative Manufacturing; Explainable AI for Knowledge Discovery. https://doi.org/10.1115/msec2025-155206\n"
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